Organic Food Market Ghana Essay

Main international trade partners| South Africa, Netherlands, India, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Switzerland, United States, France, Nigeria, Burkina, China, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Germany and etc. | Macro-economic opportunities and risks The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business rankings placed Ghana at 63 place among 183 countries in 2012 (1 = best ranking), just behind Poland (62) and ahead of the Czech Republic (64). Ghana’s performance is defined as especially poor in â€Å"obtaining construction permits† and â€Å"resolving insolvency†. Nevertheless, Ghana is among the top five countries in sub- Saharan Africa. Economic risks in Ghana include a relatively high inflation rate of 10. 4% estimated in 2013. Consistently high unemployment over the years is another negative factor keeping the country in poverty. About 28. 5% of the total population is living below the poverty line. Other urgent challenges in Ghana are the inadequacies in education and health care that limit social development in the country. It also must address crime. Underdeveloped infrastructure, poor management of natural and human resources, and lack of a fully conducive and cordial business environment in the country also require public sector attention. According to the knowledge portal Global EDGE, Ghana’s strategic goals focus on future economic growth, improving quality of life by boosting employment and decreasing poverty, increased private investment and overall social and rural development. With such plans, international companies can expect incentives for initiating business in Ghana. Low corporate taxes, low equity requirements, custom duty exemptions forplants, machinery, equipment and parts, and relief from double taxation are some of the incentives and guarantees that the government presently offers to encourage future foreign investment. Coca-Cola Co. and Heinz have already been operating successfully in Ghana while companies like Caterpillar, Unilever, IBM, AT&T, to name a few, are undertaking new investments. Companies are encouraged to establish themselves and operate in the country’s many potentially lucrative markets including hydro-power projects, pharmaceuticals and information technology. Subsequently, as African countries consider fully implementing the African Economic Community (AEC) established in 1991, Ghana’s trading access to other African nations could increase significantly in the coming years. Ghana is a member of the World Trade Organization and has quota-free access to United States and European Union markets. The country has export free zones where goods can be traded without customs duties. The government is putting forth efforts to improve infrastructure to ensure hassle-free movement of goods and produce. While Ghana faces difficulties, all these factors make Ghana a promising market for foreign businesses. Organic food market data General Market size | n. a. | Market growth rate | n. a. | Domestic production | n. a. Exports (US$, 2006)| $75. 64 million| Imports | n. a. | Shares/sizes of market segments| Fresh fruits, vegetables, palm oil, cocoa, bananas, cashews, culinary herbs, cereals, cotton, shea butter and etc. | Number of producers, names of big producers, important brands| Benrod Group (producer and exporter), Ibrahim Jalilu Adventure (producer of spices), Botim Farms (group of cashew farmers), Joansspiceworld (producer of spices), Mercydan (black soap, red palm oil, coconut oil), Eagle Gold Company (gold, diamond), Best Organic Fodd Venture (organic food) and etc. Smallholder farms dominate the agricultural sector, accounting for about 80 percent of total production. (organic agriculture in general is well suited to small-scale farmers because usually small-scale farmers do not have much cash to purchase external inputs, chemical inputs, pesticides, or chemical fertilizers)| Typical distribution channels| The Ghana Organic Agriculture Network, Afrikeco Organic Products Ltd, Andea-African Network for Development of Ecological Agriculture, Armajaro Ghana Limited, Black Volta Organic Society, Ebenut, Ecasard-Ecumenical Ass. For Sustainable Agr. And Rur. , Eloc Farms Limited, Ghana Bio Network, Ghana Export Promotion Council, Ideal Providence Farms Accra, Integrated Tamale Fruit Company, Natures Best Fruit Ltd. , Quin Organics, Tracs Farms Ltd. , TOFA (Traditional Organic Farmers Association), Wad African Foods Ltd, Yayra Glover Limited| Characteristics of the organic food market Supply: Mainly from the domestic market Production: Fresh fruits (mainly pineapple, bananas, watermelon), vegetables, palm oil, cocoa, cashews, culinary herbs, cereals, cotton, shea butter and etc. Distribution: Just over 28% of the organic producers in Ghana export their production and the remaining 72% do not export their production, but possibly sell it domestically. With regards to exports, virtually all organic products (85%) are exported to Europe. The data is taken from a survey16 made in 2009 among 688 producers, marketers and consumers. Consumption: Worldwide sales of organic chocolate produced in Ghana increased to $304 million in 2005 from $171 million in 2002. However, the total market share of organic cocoa accounted for less than 0. 5% of total cocoa production in the same period, possibly because conventional cocoa yields more and is more profitable than organic cocoa. When a conventional producer converts to organic production, there is an immediate yield loss. Organic cocoa production has an estimated 30% lower yield than inorganic production. Additionally, a producer must wait three years for the organic certification that will allow him or her to be compensated with an organic price premium. Therefore a sufficient and stable organic price premium is needed. The current premium price of organic cocoa is far below the estimated premium needed to entice producers to switch to organic production. Information on yield loss and price premium trade-off is very important to cocoa producers to determine whether organic production is sufficiently profitable to be adopted. For manufacturers, the information indicates the price premium necessary to secure a reliable supply of organic cocoa. Opportunities and risks in the organic food market for DEG’s clients There are not many opportunities for import of organic food, because the organic market in Ghana is still relatively undeveloped. However, there are opportunities for export of organic agriculture, because about 19,132 hectares of land are under organic cultivation, which accounts for 0. 13 % of the total agricultural area in Ghana (IFOAM & FiBL 2006). The risks are definitely big. Additional information Ghana has had little exposure to the global economic recession and will continue on its growth path. It is experiencing significant growth in 2011 and 2012 due to the start of oil production. Macroeconomic stability and ongoing reforms have contributed to economic expansion, which is helping the country to raise incomes and reduce poverty. There has been limited exposure to the global financial crisis, as banks rely on domestic funding. Case examples n. a. [ 1 ]. http://www. ghanaembassy. org/index. php? page=population [ 2 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/gdp [ 3 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/gdp-growth [ 4 ]. http://www. indexmundi. com/ghana/gdp_per_capita_%28ppp%29. html [ 5 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/inflation-cpi [ 6 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/unemployment-rate [ 7 ]. http://www. indexmundi.com/ghana/gdp_composition_by_sector. html [ 8 ]. http://ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/95955/2/54. %20Market%20potential%20for%20organic%20fruit%20in%20Ghana. pdf [ 9 ]. http://countries. bridgat. com/Ghana_Trade_Partners. html#. UXRcpMo-mE0 [ 10 ]. http://www. globalatlanta. com/article/25667/ghana-overview-of-economic-risks-rewards/ [ 11 ]. http://ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/95955/2/54. %20Market%20potential%20for%20organic%20fruit%20in%20Ghana. pdf [ 12 ]. http://www. intracen. org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile-Ghana/ [ 13 ]. http://gh. tradeford. com/suppliers/organic-spices [ 14 ]. http://www. organic-bio. com/en/advanced-search2/? prgrp1=0&prgrp2=0&prgrp3=0&prgrp4=&name=&certification=0&city=&prodgrp1=0&country=63&prodgrp2=0 ®ion=0&prodgrp3=0&phone=&contact=&service=0&fair=0 [ 15 ]. http://www. intracen. org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile- Ghana/ [ 16 ]. http://www. ifoam. org/about_ifoam/around_world/aosc_pages/pdf/Status-of-Organic-Agriculture-in-Ghana-Baseline-Survey-2009. pdf [ 17 ]. http://www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Ghana. pdf.

Migrants to the Coast

Migrants to the Coasts Overview and Discussion There are three goals Eder presents in his fieldwork. They were to ; (1) â€Å"understand fishing and the fishing peoples†(Eder 5), how they lived and how their resources affected their day to day lives,(2) The Palawan’s culture had become diverse and he thought it was important he showed appreciation for what it had become. (3) Last, but not least, he wanted to be more involved with research issues such as â€Å"environmental crisis, economic difficulty, and social well-being†(Eder 5). Eder explains these motives throughout the text.In the second chapter Eder explains how the marine wildlife , full of sea grasses and coral reef play a vital role in the food chains for the animals inhabiting it. The author further explains that the â€Å"coastal zone† occupies the coastal plains as well as the water itself. He explains that there is a local distinction between the four types vegetative cover. Eder was able to get both the fishing peoples and the government official’s perspective of the coastal zone, and how they can preserve the area. In San Vicente there are ten communities with a total population of just fewer than 22,000.Here, Eder selects four of the communities in which he studies the people living within them. He provides a clear understanding of his fieldwork in which he works directly with the people of San Vicente. In order to truly understand their culture, Eder listened to their stories in addition to exploring the history of the people and the place itself. To investigate Eder’s motive of engaging in economic research, he looked into many different prominent industries of the region. One of these industries is fishing. As a reader I could easily envision the beautiful coast and its waters used for fishing.The fishing peoples used the resources of the coast in a way to build their economic culture. I think the author could have focused on fewer topics and covered them more in depth, opposed to going over so many. Altogether, the lives of the people and the visuals of their surrounding were enchanting. How Global Forces Impact Local Lives in San Vicente The Philippines is abundant in natural resources, but the people are among the poorest in Southeast Asia. Problems arise when these resources are no longer abundant and taken advantage of. When the logging industry in the 1960s became a top exporter, the license agreements were very corrupt.Instead of using the money to fund programs for the people, the president would distribute the revenue to his own inner circle. The mining industry brought in more money for the wealthy, but at a cost. The businesses were privatized so the profit stayed within. Environmental care was not seen as an issue, and dump mine wastes ruined bays and once plentiful farmlands. The poor essentially became even poorer. Illegal commercial fishing is also a problem among the coastal areas. Fishing for trawler fish is le gal at open sea, â€Å"but the national law reserves water within 15 kilometers of the coast†(49).Fish are a major resource and illegal fishing has led the fish population into a downward spiral. Commercial fishing and blast fisherman have severely limited the opportunities to the local people who depend on it. Much of the coastal people make their living by fishing on a small scale. Competition between the people and the market is created due to the vast amount of fishermen in the area. Fishing practices and economic stability differed among the fishing peoples. For example, one man could be struggling to support his family, even by fishing every day, while another is making a considerable living fishing and doesn’t nearly work as often.Because of the privatized companies and the recourses they had, difficulties arose for small time fisherman and led them into poverty. Global forces seemed to restrict the fishing peoples in many ways. They did not open opportunities t o the coastal people. The coastal people then had make a living the best way they knew how. With extreme completion, fish prices became inflated, making the people even poorer. The Philippine government needs to intervene, not by shutting down illegal fishing, but by forming programs to help its people.

Cost effective ways to provide clean water water and sanitation for Research Proposal

Cost effective ways to provide clean water water and sanitation for Ethiopia - Research Proposal Example It is a requirement of the human rights law that every person should and must have access to clean water and sanitation services. Several international policies are in place to enforce this expectation. However, the developing countries, including Ethiopia fail to meet the threshold in facilitating this essential right to the citizens. Worldwide today, the statistics are surprisingly high, with over one billion of the humans lacking access to an adequate supply of water, which is twice more than those lacking basic sanitation. Surveys indicate that, unsafe water, insufficient hygiene and inadequate sanitation services account for about 9.1 percent of the worldwide batch of diseases and about 6.3 percent of all deaths. Additionally, children in the developing countries bear a good proportion of this burden and crisis, with water related factors causing over 20 percent of deaths of the people fewer than 14 years of age. Ethiopia has a populace of about 85 million citizens as the last census indicates (Legesse & Kloos, 2010). The capital of the state is Addis Ababa, with several other towns and villages. Like many other developing nations in Africa, the country suffers from deficient infrastructure. Thus, the needs for water and sanitation are severe in this country. It is surprising that, in this country, with such a high population, only 34 percent of this population has access to quality and sufficient water supply. In addition, only 21 percent of this population has access to adequate and affordable sanitation services (Legesse & Kloos, 2010). Factual figures indicate that, about 56 million in Ethiopia lack the basic need of access to safe water for consumption. Moreover, a whooping 67 million habitants of Ethiopia do not have adequate and improved sanitation services (Legesse & Kloos, 2010). This evidence collaborate the observation

A Rose for Emily Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

A Rose for Emily - Assignment Example From this essay declares that  the last paragraph contributes to the understanding of Emily’s necromancy and it is important that it comes at the end to make the reader look at differently and as the victim she plays all along. Knowing the use of the arsenic earlier would result in less suspense in the story.  The presence of a smell that disturbs the neighbors right after the disappearance of Emily’s sweetheart after he was seen entering the house, use of lime to conceal the smell, and that Barron was never seen again foreshadow the conclusion of the story.This discussion stresses that the order of events as told in the story do not follow a chronological order as they happened resulting in interest and suspense like the purchase of arsenic gives the reader the urge to know what its purpose was and if Homer was never seen again, what happened to him. Gothic elements including the decayed corpse, imposing decrepit house, and horrors connected with Emily add suspense and drama to the story and makes readers have doubts and develop a creepy atmosphere with tension and suspense and that anything is possible. The gothic elements allow for Emily’s murder to remain undiscovered and believable a fact that could not be achieved by other styles. These elements establish the atmosphere and set the mood for the event in the story to unfold with the reader expecting events to be creepy and mystical.

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geography - Essay Example (2) I think that cloropleth maps can be an accurate representation of reality as long as statistical variables are properly classified. However, with regards to the boundary of Mexico and the United States, I think that it is more of a transition area of cultures. In this case, some weaknesses of cloropleth maps include its inability to depict accurately transition areas especially if qualitative variables are being depicted. (3) Latitudes actually measure a certain angular distance north or south from the equator and their lines run horizontally. Meanwhile, longitude measures east-west positions on the earth, and their lines run vertically. (4) A theocratic government is a kind of government wherein the state is actually governed by divine guidance; in this case, theocratic governments are usually ruled or heavily influenced by the clergy, and wherein religious laws are strictly enforced. Islamic countries that have adopted Islam as the official religion, and are governed by Islamic law (Sharia), are usually considered as theocracies; this includes Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Pakistan.

Literature Review of Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy Dissertation

Literature Review of Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy - Dissertation Example The global economy is confronting with an earning conflict because of excessive managerial remuneration in major enterprises throughout the world. To investigate on the perpetrators of economic recession, the high managerial pay and extreme risk taking activities were cited as prime suspects. Among the two issues, the managerial pay leads to the primary focus and incited many public as well as political outrages. For instance, the insurance major named AIG was nearly shattered because of bad business performance and abundant remuneration scales. It was seen that AIG had paid almost 165 million USD of bonus amount to 400 employees in London. In Wall Street, the bankers gave themselves almost 20 billion USD as bonus in the year 2008 even when the economy was decelerating down. The government also expended huge money to assist the financial institutions. It was alleged that this type of ignorance for the expenditure and the outcomes of the managers’ actions have generated the eco nomic crisis. The ethnicity, customs, spawned managerial remuneration plan with incentive that promote the unnecessary risk taking had given light to the economic crisis. The laws and regulations along with corporate boards were highly criticized for autonomous management of organizations. (Thompson, 2009). Excessive Managerial Remuneration in the USA Several reports stated that excessive managerial remuneration in the USA has taken overwhelming economic levy in American society and intimidated the control in corporate sector, government and nonprofit area and created volatility in the economy. It has been observed that average employees in the USA need to work hard for a whole year to generate one day’s salary of most of the CEOs listed in the Fortune 500’. The gap between the lowest and maximum salary was extending. This salary inequality has endangered the basis of the USA democracy, management, and produced situation for financial instability. According to the repo rt of ‘United for a Fair Economy’ (UFE), the CEOs in the big companies get almost 10.8 million USD as total remuneration, which is 364 times higher compared to the average American employees. The amount excludes the cost of bonuses and stocks and if included the amount will increase to a

The Importance Of Play For Childrens Development Essay

The Importance Of Play For Childrens Development - Essay Example The brain development of a child is significantly influenced by the physical exercises the child has and the genetics though many studies do not collaborate this finding. The architecture of a brain of a child depends on different interactions in life and play is a significant factor that every researcher agrees to in reference to its development (Small, 1999). There have been several debates on what exactly contributes to the shaping of a child’s brain whether it’s the genetics only or by experience or they both contribute. Many kinds of research show that both the genetics of a child and experience mainly from play contribute to the development of a child’s brain putting to rest the debate on what really plays the important factors in the brains growth. The child’s early experiences and most have their experiences benchmarked on their plays; have an emotional impact on their brain development whether they were nurtured positively or negatively. The experiences act as the building blocks in the child’s brain meaning that the play a role in determining the brain architecture of the child in reference to their behavioral activities in their future life, their learning approaches and more their well being (Arnold, 2014). Most scientists argue that children must be brought under the right and positive experiences in their tender age to enable their brains architecture to develop for a future better life that is less stressful, more efficient and less expensive to deal with interacting with other people.

American Missionaries in East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American Missionaries in East Asia - Essay Example to teach formal education and sensitize the Koreans about the capitalism rule that was befalling Asia in 1800s since there were local schools, already established before missionaries’ arrival, though it only offered informal education to woman and girls (Hyaeweol 78). This was during the era of Tokugawa. They used educational institution to influence the feminist in Japan and china who did not believe in Christianity. Research exercises conducted by Korean missionaries focused only on political and theological matters, taking little considerations on matters pertaining to gender. Missionaries learned that the Korean women were rising up from their hibernation state and were looking aggressively for something to keep them occupied. They contrasted between the valueless world characterized by limited Christian concepts and a Christian world which was peaceful, optimistic and morally pure (Hyaeweol 94). Though the missionaries still believed that a woman’s place is in the traditional home setting, they also believed that women should not be restrained by traditional boundaries within a household. Therefore, they used educational institutions to encourage Korean women to take part in formal education where new ideas could be introduced to them, especially ideas of definite career fields like medicine, sports and other professional fields, which were conventionally unachievable to Korean women. In this regard, education institutions were the best option for missionaries in their efforts of reach out to Korean women. Apart from training the professionally, missionaries also wanted to portray out that formally educated women were liberated and modern. During their early times in East Asia, missionaries used â€Å"enlightened† western woman as an example of enticing Koreans into accept the modernized way of living. Typically, western women were perceived as being inherently enlightened as they were well versed with affairs around the world. Western women actively

Viewpoints of Benjamin Harrison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Viewpoints of Benjamin Harrison - Research Paper Example Being a farmer, it was mandatory that he was to use slaves on his plantations. Despite the ruthlessness that was being shown to the slaves, he seemed to have a soft spot for them. He was a nationalist who believed that the Americans had the same rights as Britons as well as other groups of people. His resistance to the obnoxious stamp duty against tea is an indicator of his resentment to economic injustices committed against the Americans. He would be very happy to establish that there is more economic freedom today. Many individuals can manage to live a decent life and have free opportunities to engage in economic activities without much oppression from the government of the day. In addition, the fact that the resources within the country are used for the good of its citizens and not foreigners, then Harrison would have appreciated the effort that has been put. Benjamin V viewed societal injustices from a personal viewpoint and attempted to do something about it. He went ahead to us e his own resources in the activism that opposed the bill that mentioned that the laws passed by the Virginia parliament were contrary to the law. He would be pleased to notice the separation of powers between the states and the federal government and how they are able to work in synchrony. In another situation, he condemned the enactment of the intolerable acts and joined hands with others to form the continental congress. He is on record for having desired to unite the Americans to fight against the ruthlessness of the colonial master.

Paper converters Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Paper converters Ltd - Essay Example The relevant research should focus on the potential existence of cultural differences across the organization. These differences, if they are major, can set barriers to the growth of the organization. Current paper focuses on the post merger challenges of a British firm, Paper Converters Ltd. The firm was created after the merger of two firms that was based on different culture: a) in the first of these firms, Dyson Paper Ltd particular emphasis has been given on structure and control, b) in the second firm, Jones Sales Agents Ltd, team-working was rather valued. The implications of cultural differences for mergers are reviewed in this paper. ... report The report has been developed in order to provide to the leaders of Paper Converters Ltd a series of recommendations for managing effectively the post merger effects and for reduce risks in regard to their firm further expansion. At the same time, the report shows the value of culture for joint ventures both at national and international level. Background of company Paper Converters Ltd established in 1988, as a result of a merger between the following firms: Dyson Paper Ltd and Jones Sales Agents Ltd. From its established up to 1993, i.e. for about 5 years, the two firms had kept their independency, operating in their pre-merger offices: Dyson Paper Ltd in Corby and Jones Sales Agents Ltd in Stevenage. The need for increasing the level of their production led the two firms to integrate their operations. The firms’ leaders identified a building that could be used as the head office of Paper Converters Ltd. Shortly conflicts appeared in the workplace. Employees of each f irm had worked under different culture and could not understand or tolerate the behavior of their colleagues. The leaders of the two firms tried as possible to eliminate these conflicts but with no particular success. The culture-related challenges for Paper Converters Ltd were continued during the firm’s internationalization. Dyson and Jones, the leaders of the firm, thought that by expanding in a developing region, such as central Africa, would help their organization to increase its profitability. After entering Zambia the firm’s leaders had to face another problem: Zambian staff was reluctant to follow the organizational rules on a series of issues, such as ‘the authority of expenditure, the appointment of senior managers, the terms of approval of payments and so on’ (case study,

Economics Essay Example for Free

Economics Essay Part I Introduction The Doha Development Rounds of the World Trade Organization were negotiations aimed at lowering trade barriers and facilitating healthier economic ties around the world. The rounds began with a ministerial-level meeting in 2001 which was held in Doha, Qatar. This was followed by several other rounds held in locations such as Mexico and Hong Kong with related negotiations held in other locations including Paris, Switzerland, and Geneva. In 2006, the progress of the talks were put at a standstill created by a divide which placed the developed nations such as the United States, the European Union, and Japan on one side and the major developing nations such as India, China, Brazil, and South Africa on the other. The divide was mainly over conflicting interests with regard to several pending issues. Four of those issues namely agriculture, textile and clothing, drugs, and market access for developing and least developed countries are discussed in this paper. Since the first round of the WTO talks, agriculture has taken the center stage. In fact, many critics claim that the standstill of the talks were mainly due to developed and developing nations inability to find acceptable common ground in the issue of agriculture’s three â€Å"pillars†. These were identified as market access, export subsidies, and domestic support. A prevailing argument in the matter is the issue of the necessary level of cuts in tariffs and domestic support on agriculture to allow developing nations to enter the global market. Currently, high regulatory tariffs in the first world hedge out 3rd world agricultural products such as grain and corn from successfully penetrating the market. What makes it worse is that the United States and the European Union both provide very high subsidies for their farmers. Five years since Qatar, the talks in Hong Kong led to a deal that set the deadline for eliminating all agricultural subsidies for exports by 2013. The Hong Kong talks also required developed countries to accept goods from the world’s poorest nations into their respective markets. This marked a milestone for the United Nations, which had been striving for such an achievement for several years. However, the following talks at Geneva failed to achieve a consensus for genuine policies on reducing farming subsidies and lowering agriculture tariffs (Effland et. al. , 2006). Textile and Clothing Discussions regarding the treatment of textiles and apparel in the Doha talks were a particular point of contention during the 2006 round. Originally, discussions on this area were included within the overall Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations. However, developments in the talks led many analysts to suspect that the developing countries were asking far more than they were willing to give. There were also the unconfirmed reports of a hidden Chinese agenda to monopolize the world textile and clothing market with their outrageously cheap products. These led countries like Turkey to call for the sectoral separation of textile and clothing from the NAMA. However, none of the bigger players like the U. S. and the E. U. seemed to be supportive of such a move. The E. U. was against sectoring out textile and clothing from talks on NAMA while the U. S. erely acknowledged the need for â€Å"special treatment† without actually supporting Turkey’s call. The proponents of the sectoring of talks on textiles and clothing claimed that the developing countries were asking for unregulated access to 1st world markets without agreeing to the same. Some organizations such as the American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition (AMTAC) accused countries such as India and Brazil of supporting ill-balanced tariff reductions that could severely hurt the manufacturing sector of the United States. Another issue that was raised was the prevalence of counterfeit 1st world brands manufactured in the 3rd world. Some private lobbyists contested that before countries like the U. S. would agree to such grave reductions in tariffs in the textile and clothing area, the developed nations’ governments should first demand for a 3rd World crackdown on counterfeit brand manufacturing. The 2006 talks were stalled before any relevant progress could be noted in this area (Barrie, 2006). Drug patents and distribution International debates on healthcare have always disputed the manufacturing and distribution of drugs for treating the world’s most serious diseases like malaria, HIV and AIDS. Although these medicines are easily available in the developed world, they are extremely expensive compared to the meager earnings of those in the developing world. Patent holding companies of these medicines usually charge high prices for their products primarily to cover development costs. Thus although the 1st world has the means to manage vast epidemics of say HIV in countries like Africa, the legal system on patents prevent them from doing so. A previous solution thought about for this issue was the issuance of compulsory license grants to the 3rd world. This would effectively allow them to manufacture the drugs on their own. However, since such countries usually lack the technology and resources to manufacture specialized drugs, the solution did not seem to be effective. The first Doha round had already recognized this problem and had begun on working for a solution. It released a declaration which asked for allowing compulsory licenses for the manufacture of patented drugs to be issued in developed countries provided the drugs manufactured were only to be sold to certain countries, primarily the UN’s list of least developed nations. The Hong Kong talks and the subsequent Geneva talks saw some of the participating entities heeding the declaration with concrete action. Canada had implemented the declaration by year end of 2005 while the European Commissions official journal published Regulation 816/2006 in 2006 which enforced the Doha declaration in the European Union (Gruenberg, 2007). Market access for developing and least developed countries Allowing the developing and least developed nations of the world to have better market access to 1st world economies had always been the overall thrust of the Doha talks. Trade barriers such as tariffs were contended fiercely throughout the talks. Many scheduled cuts on tariffs have been made since 2001. However by the end of 2005, the Hong Kong ministerial declaration acknowledged there should be discrimination of cuts with regards to sensitive products. Hence, countries were allowed a percentage of their original tariff lines on sensitive products. However, the Hong Kong declaration also made concessions to developing countries. Since the tariff cuts were differentially treated, the poorer countries would be subject to lower cuts and longer transition periods for implementation. The provisions on special products were also applied to the 3rd world, thereby protecting their own special products that played major roles in food and livelihood security. While the 2006 round was fruitful in providing some measure of protection for the 3rd world, it has stumbled over the means and modalities by which the tariffs were supposed to be cut especially in the context of the 1st world.  Although there were some commitments made by the end of April in 2006, these failed to materialize. A deadline set by July of that same year was also not met (Effland et. al. , 2006). Part II China a. ) The Peoples Republic of China currently has a per capita GDP of $ 7,593 (80th in the world). Since the 1980s, Chinas economic policies have undergone various reforms to make it more open to trade. The reforms have resulted to Chinas new found openness to global trade. Its main trading partners are the U. S. 21. 4%, Hong Kong 16. %, Japan 11%, South Korea 4. 6%, and Germany 4. 3%. Its main exports are plastics, optical and medical equipment, iron and steel. It imports mainly oil and mineral fuels and machinery. b. ) Two main economic issues involving China are 1. ) its stand on textile manufacturing in the world economy and 2. ) its treatment of Research In Motion (RIM) regarding the release of BlackBerry in Beijing. In the first issue, many critics have accused China of maneuvering the Doha talks on NAMA to allow itself unfettered access to the worlds textile and clothing industry. Since labor in China is so cheap and clothing raw materials so abundant, China could veritably launch a full scale monopoly of clothing and textile if given the chance (Barrie, 2006). In the second issue, China had signed a contract with RIM for the company to release its state-of-the-art PDA, BLackBerry in Beijing. However just a few months before the scheduled release, the Chinese government took advantage of the advertising efforts that RIM had previously exerted and released their own version of the PDA, RedBerry. RIM is currently assessing whether they should press charges but China seems to powerful to actually be affected (Jones, 2006). c. ) Both issues seem to point out the potential and actual abuses that China could and has made because of the great power that its vast economic strength bestows upon it. I believe that there is no other solution to such a situation other than fervent watchfulness of the international community. While Chinas entry into global trade should be celebrated, its belligerent attitude and immense resources should not be taken lightly.

Looked After Children and Access to Tertiary Education

Looked After Children and Access to Tertiary Education This dissertation has used a historical timeline of Governmental changes to policies and laws as a background to describe the evolving importance of looked after children and education. This framework was chosen because of the amount of changes to policy and law and to clarify in more detail how they connected to corresponding law and policy. Prior to the mid 1980s very little research was conducted surrounding looked after children and education (Jackson and Martin, 2002). Essen, Lambert and Head (1976) found that looked after children performed poorly in comparison with the rest of the population DATA. Over the last twenty years, various Governments have focused on the importance for looked after children and their education, and a need to ensure its priority within assessment, schools and the wider environment. The aim of this literature review is to discover why the majority of looked after children still do not access tertiary education, even though their deficit in this area has been well known for many years. The dissertation will focus on specific areas for example: Looked after children and education Looked after children and access to tertiary education The role of the social worker with respect to looked after children and their progression through education International comparison Does the nature/ or experience of placement for looked after children have an effect on their likeliness to progress to tertiary education? Finally what social work can do to actively promote education for looked after children. The 1989 Children Act guidance required Local Authorities to provide educational opportunities for looked after children and support, and that this must be included in their care plan (Goddard, 2000). In 1994 the Department of Health and Department of Education additionally stressed the importance of co-operation between schools, social services and Local Authorities. Yet, in 1995 these measures to promote education for looked after children were found to have made little difference (Social services Inspectorate and the Office for Standards in Education, 1995). In response the Government set specific targets for Local Authorities with respect to education alongside a requirement to publish guidance on the education as per that from the Department for Education and Employment and the Department of Health, 2000. This ensured all local authorities were working towards the same goal and by the same guidelines. As well as introducing new guidelines for teachers, designated to support looked after children and each looked after child was given a personal education plan (PEP). Another part of the target was to ensure that no placement was given before an educational placement could be secured. The amended Children Act 2004 implemented new duties promoting the educational achievement of looked after children. The schools however are only expected to take a proactive approach to the education of looked after children and coordinating with different departments there is only an expectation. If the school believes it does not have the resources to sup port one looked after child then it will not be rebuked because of it. There have been a number of introductions of legislative policies and guidance for example Improving the educational achievement of looked after children (Department for children, schools and families, 2009) this introduced new key elements involving the education of looked after children introducing a virtual school head whom keeps track of every looked after child to ensure all have appropriate provisions. Care matters: time for a change (2007) was introduced to improve the outcomes of looked after children. This policy addresses the corporate parenting, health, education and social work practice and commission of looked after children services to improve placement choice and stability. Similarly The Children leaving care Act (2000) was introduced to enhance provision for care leavers, For example, giving Local Authorities a duty to ensure they continue to meet the looked after childs needs until 21 years old, and allocate an advisor who would take responsibility for co-ordinating support. This dissertation will consider the reasons why there are still a comparatively small number and proportion of looked after children with good educational outcomes. Generally and more specifically why an even smaller comparative proportion of looked after children enter tertiary education. The dissertation will also consider what social workers can do to promote an education agenda for looked after children. Previous research has shown that looked after children have low educational attainment (Jackson, Ajayi and Quigley, 2005 and Jackson et al, 2002). 6% of looked after children go on to access tertiary education. Several authoritative sources indicate a continuing lack of formal qualifications among children in care, with subsequent prospects for entering higher education less likely. Research has shown (Berridge, 2006) a wide range of reasons why looked after children do not access tertiary education. These reasons vary from child experiences of abuse, the type of placement the child has, attachment problems and poor services given to children who are looked after. McLeod (2008) found that children in local authority care need a positive and sustained relationship with their social worker to promote their well being and emphasise the importance of education and other aspects of the looked after childs life that may have been previously ignored. As such, a social workers role to work w ith a child holistically to ensure all their needs are met, has profound implications for education. The evidence presented here suggests that the education of children looked after by Local Authorities continues to be problematic. This review will also question if becoming a looked after child is inevitably negative in terms of the childs chances to access tertiary education is this was the case then comparatively looked after children in other countries should have the same outcomes. Currently the Governments priority is to narrow the gap between the educational achievements of looked after children and that of their peers. In 2008 14% of looked after children achieved five A*-C grades at GCSE compared to 65.3% of all other children (Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009). New initiatives include public service agreements for example Public Service Agreement 11 aims to narrow the educational achievement gap between children from low income and disadvantaged backgrounds and their peers. This agreement involves aiming for the looked after children to reach 3 national targets. Including to aim for 20% of looked after children get gain 5 GSCEs A*-C, for 55% of looked after children to reach level 4 of key stage 2 in mathematics and 60% to reach key stage 2 in English. Local authorities must now support looked after children enrol in higher education and continue with it by granting bursaries if they desire to continue their education. Universally the evidence presented above suggests that there is a general agreement amongst informed writers that looked after children continue to have poorer educational outcomes than their peers. There are numerous reasons postulated for this deficit, looked after children face problems that their peers do not. Firstly, many have faced great upheaval and consequently some may have behavioural problems compared to the general population affecting the relationship with other children, teachers and therefore affecting their work and relationships within school. Weyts (2004) highlights that looked after children are ‘expected to perform lower than their peers so may not be given the same encouragement as others. The major problem facing looked after children with respect to education however would appear to be upheaval caused by change of placements (OSullivan and Westerman, 2007), which may present difficulties in getting used to different schools, friends and teachers all effe cting their education and outcomes. Yet with positive placement , and encouraging carers then there is evidence that children may attain good educational outcomes (Jackson, 1998). It may also be the case that the model of welfare adopted at national level, will also impact upon individual outcomes for looked after children, as is evident from some international comparisons (Petrie, Boddy, Cameron, Wigfall and Simon, 2006)). This dissertation will connect the information from the research gathered to answer the research question. Using a best evidence approach to synthesise the data to ensure all aspects of the research question can be answered effectively. Methodology As referred to in my research proposal, this dissertation will adopt a systematic review approach (pg.4 of research proposal). This type of review will provide a synthesis of research on this topic. A systematic review identifies all available literature on a specific topic whilst describing a clear method. Bryman (2008) defines a systematic review as one which summarises concisely all the best evidence that address the research question. An inclusion and exclusion criterion is set to ensure only the best research is used in the review. The research papers will then be critiqued and a best evidence approach method for critiquing the papers will be used. Conclusions will be drawn by combining observations from the review with existing theories and models. A best evidence approach selects literature which has most relevance to the research question. The literature that gives the best answer to the research question and has a good evidence base are the papers more likely to be most effe ctive in answering the research question. This literature review was derived from searches of the following databases via the Leicester University Library website: Sage journals online Intergentaconnect Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) Oxford University Press E-Journals Social Care online Wiley online library Searches were carried out on each database using the following search terms: Looked after children or children in care Educational outcomes or educational attainment or educational achievement The search will be restricted to cover between 1980 and 2010. This limit was chosen as most research is between this era and to have a wider inclusion limit would impact on the scope of the dissertation. The results will be filtered manually using the following criteria: The relativity to the subject of looked after children and accessing tertiary education Theoretical or empirical research Harvard referencing will also be adopted The looked after children population in the United Kingdom The term looked after was introduced in the Children Act, 1989. Looked after children are those under the age of 18 who are subject to a care order it also includes children who are accommodated voluntarily for over 24 hours. Currently there are approximately 60,900 children who are looked after by local authorities in England (Department for children, schools and families, DCSF (2009). Of this population 57% was male and 43% female. The percentage of looked after children increased when comparing the age of the looked after child. The greater the age group of looked after children the higher the percentage. There was a significant increase from ages 5 to 9 to that of the age group of 10 to 15 increasing from 17% to 41%. From the age group 10 to 15 and 16 over the percentage of looked after children decreases to 21% (See appendix 1) (DCSF, 2009). Statistics from DSCF (2009) show that that main category of need of the looked after child is because of abuse or neglect at 61%, which hasnt changed greatly over the past five years. Other reasons for being in care are; the child having a disability, parental illness, the family is in distress, dysfunction in the family, socially unacceptable behaviour, low income and absent parenting. In 2009 most children in care were of white British origin (74%). 36,200 children were looked after on a care order in 2009. This is a decrease of 2% from the previous years number of 36,900 and a decrease of 10% from 2005 (DCSF, 2009). When children are subject to a care order parental responsibilities are vested in the local authority through the social services department. A care order is a court order made under section 31 of the 1989 Children Act which places a child compulsorily in the care of a designated local authority. The court can only make this order if they are satisfied that a child is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm. The local authority assumes parental responsibility as well as the parents for the child. Other reasons why children may be looked after are if there is no responsible adult available to look after the child and if the child is being adopted but is not yet legally adopted by the new permanent family. According to the 1989 Children Act, all local authorities have a statutory duty to promote education and to promote looked after childrens educational achievement. They should consider all the decisions regarding placement they make on behalf of the looked after child to ensure their education is not impinged upon. The local authority must ensure those children looked after are offered everything that children who arent looked after receive, so they perform the role as parent as close as possible. Of those in care , 73% were children looked after in foster placements, 10% in secure units, childrens homes hostels, 7% with parents, 4% placed for adoption, and 5% in other care (this included residential schools and other residential settings) (DCSF, 2009). Considering the types of placements the looked after child has the education of the carers needs to be considered. All individuals involved with placements and giving care to looked after children need to be given a level of education so they are able to fulfil the childs needs and ensure that educational outcomes are to be achieved. Looked after children belong to the children in need group within the UK. When children and families require help their assessment of need becomes the first mechanism. The state should then be involved in supporting the families fulfil their responsibilities as parents. If the state decides that the childs developmental needs are not being met then they should intervene. If the child has experienced significant harm is there is a likelihood of experiencing significant harm then the child should be removed from the family to assess the situation. The Children Act (2004) states that the childs development is the basis of defining need. The main dimensions involve social, physical, intellectual, behavioural and educational. This had then been developed within the looking after children dimensions and includes health, identity, family and social relationships, education, emotional and behavioural development, social presentation and self care skills (DOH, 1995). To understand the definition of what need is involves understanding the standards that should be met. Bradshaw (1972) suggested that there are four dimensions to need these include normative needs which most professionals define for populations, felt needs which include what people say they need, expressed needs including what people want by actions and comparative needs which are those needs established when comparing to another group. This understanding of needs is needed to give the best responses as social workers and other professionals to meet the needs. The underp inning theories which contribute to understanding the needs of a child include Maslows (1968) Hierarchy of Need which includes physiological, social, security, egotistical, and psychological dimensions. Bowlbys (1988) attachment theory also underpins the understanding of need. Attachment theory has become an important part of working with children and practice, it gives understanding of development and the impact that loss or trauma can affect children. Understanding each of these dimensions of a childs life helps in practice when assessing the childs needs and how to respond. Looked after children and education There have been a number of initiatives (SEU, 2003) introduced in the UK which highlight a continuing problem with regard to low educational outcomes for looked after children and young people in comparison to the general population. Basic problems, such as a high rate of exclusion for looked after children have been identified, and are now well known, but have proved difficult to eradicate and continue to cause persistent problems for the looked after children. These include the impact of often regular changes of placement, the possibility that the expectations of teachers or social workers may be lower for looked after children than would be typical for most parents aspirations for their own children. Many children taken into care have a history of family crisis and have experiences of trauma whether through direct abuse or more general dysfunction within the family. The impact of this often affects the looked after childs ability to learn or progress through school without extra support (REF). When children enter the care system it is almost never the plan for them to remain looked after for a protracted period. Social workers are only too aware of the potential negative consequences of time in care (REF) and indeed the majority of children who come into care return to family care swiftly. For some children however, usually those with the most complex problems and intractable family situations, being looked after can become long term. The impact of being looked after however will affect the childs educational attainment no matter what age they are. The latest figures from the Department for Children, Schools and Families, published in 2009 show that while 66% of looked after children in year 11 from years 2007 to 2008 passed at least one GCSE OR GNVQ 99% of other children achieved this level. In 2007 to 2008 14% of looked after children passed at least 5 GCSEs or GNVQs at grades of A* to C compared to 65% of other children. Primary school results are also low. Key Stage tests at age 7, 11 and 14 (SEU, 2003] for example found that at Key Stage one 57% of looked-after seven year-olds achieved at least level 2 in reading in 2008, compared to 84% of all children. At Key Stage level two 46% of 11 year-old children looked after achieved level 4 in English, compared with 81% of all children. In Key Stage three maths, 33% of looked-after young people achieved level 5, compared to 77% of all children (DCSF, 2009). Looked after children in the United Kingdom may consequently be argued to be a vulnerable group who as a result of the inequality of the education system often face exclusion from society in a more general sense, often extending long after their period of time looked after has come to a conclusion, and throughout their adult lives. Hugh (2009) argues that looked after children tend to be from less affluent families, suggesting correlation between poverty and poor educational outcomes. Hugh (op cit) extends this argument to suggest that social exclusion will affect many areas of looked after childs life, one major concern if having poor educational experience. The SEU (1998) found that those children who miss large amounts of schooling are more likely to be exploited. Harker, Ober, Lawrence, Berridge and Sinclair (2003) further suggested that looked after children are over represented within the group of excluded children, and that many have behavioural and special educational needs likely to affect their progress through education. Research by Daniels, Cole, Sellman, Sutton, Visser and Bedward (2003) found that permanent exclusion from school usually followed a history of behavioural problems. This study found that four out of five of the excluded young people had received two or more fixed term exclusions prior to them being permanently excluded. Research by the SEU (1998) found that children in care were ten times more likely to be excluded from school than other children but also that this discrepancy was widening. Quality Projects Research (2003) found that the majority of excluded children failed to subsequently complete their schooling or receive any educational achievements. The SEU (2003) paper Better Education for Children in Care highlighted five big issues affecting the achievement of looked after children. These included Instability, (frequent changes in placement often also require a change of school). Too many children in care are loosing large amounts of time out of school because of exclusions or as a result of having no secure school place. Comparatively poor home environments for looked after children are also identified as a factor that will affect educational attainment, similarly differences in encouragement and support at home by the carer affects the childs outcomes and these inconsistencies need to be addressed with, the final issue identified as the emotional, physical and mental health of the child in care. As a result it is important for the school, social worker and carer to understand that additional support may be needed for children in care, especially if they are bullied or have experienced numerous changes of relationships and f riendship networks, indicative of a high potential for disrupted attachments (SEU, 2003). ‘Education projects was launched in 2003 by the Department of Health and the Department for Education and Skills, its aim was to improve educational outcomes for looked after children. Focusing on multi-agency working, Education projects recommended the introduction of local authority training for designated teachers within schools. It also provided funding to be used to develop new educational strategies across local authorities. The Department for Education and Skills then published ‘The Role of the School in Supporting the Education of Children in Public Care (2003) similarly recommending specific initiatives with looked after children involving Personal Education Plans, Attendance and truancy and Transition planning and admission to name but a few. The SEU (2003) highlighted the five problematic areas regarding the educational outcomes of looked after children which have prevented change, or slowed it down (Cocker and Allain, 2008). These five areas included Capacity referring to the vacancy rates within the childrens social care workforce, suggesting limited insight into the specific educational needs of looked after children. Management and leadership with regard to staff at senior levels lack of time and consequent commitment they can offer in this area leading to feelings of powerlessness to affect real change. Limited resources, including for example inconsistencies between areas in the UK and which resources are available to looked after children, affecting the support available to looked after children. Similarly the attitudes of the social workers and professionals who work with looked after children were also deemed to contribute to low expectations of the educational outcomes of looked after children. The final problem highlighted was systems and structure within local authorities impacting on inter agency communication and affecting the work between the agencies, therefore affecting their practice wit h looked after children (SEU, 2003) (Cocker and Allain, 2003). The Every Child Matters (2004) green paper included five outcomes vital for all children, including good health, an opportunity to stay safe, achieve economic well being, enjoy and achieve and make positive contributions towards society. Most recently the white paper Care Matters, time for a change (Department for education and skills, 2007) proposes that looked after children should be given the highest priority in school admissions. The paper for example requires Local Authorities to ensure looked after childrens placements were not changed within year 10 and 11 of school, to prevent the disruption of their education. The paper highlighted again the importance of a designated teacher to work with looked after children to become statutory, whilst also introducing the virtual head teacher within each authority. Their responsibility is to track the progress of the children in the local authority who are attending school and those moved into a different local authority. A designated teacher has responsibility for the looked after children within a school. They are expected to advocate on behalf of the children and young people in care and they should ensure that each has a personal education plan (Department for Educat ion and Skills, 2005). The paper implemented more support for looked after children regarding absences and exclusion. The paper also proposed the providing of a grant of  £500 annually to be used for support for example one to one tutoring. Jackson and Martin (2002) draw attention to problems that looked after children face when trying to find a suitable source of education, whether this is because they need to move due of placement changes or because of previous exclusions from other schools. Most schools need to keep a high level within the league tables in order to ensure funding is continued. With this is mind many are reluctant to take on looked after children. Many schools stated that they did not understand what these children faced and that they did not have the resources to support them (Jackson et al, 2002). Berridge (2006) has identified the gaps of data when accessing statistics. The social processes behind forming the statistics may not straightforward. Interpreting the terms within statistics may cause further problems. Berridge, also highlights pressures from outside groups to get indicators of why looked after children have low educational outcomes. The statistics gathered regarding looked after children have limitations. Firstly 27% of the looked after population who had been in care for over 12 months have a special educational needs statement, compared to 2.7% of the overall population (DCSF, 2009) clearly affecting the performance of a large group of looked after children. Secondly the educational outcomes of looked after children who have been in care more than 12 months are published, there is also the overall results of looked after children. These children may only be in care for a short period because of family problems. Berridge (2006) argues that if we are to use these statistics there needs to be a time period given for social workers and other professionals to be responsible for the looked after child to turn their situation around. Social services cannot be responsible for giving the looked after child a start in life if they have only entered care as an adolescent and have existing educational difficulties.

Gender roles, identity and domestic violence

Gender roles, identity and domestic violence Gender is the division of people into two categories, men and women. Through interaction with caretakers, socialization in childhood, peer pressure in adolescence, gendered work and family roles, women and men are socially constructed to be different in behaviour, attitudes and emotions (Borgatta. E.F. andMontgomery, R.J.V,2000,p.1057). HOW DO WE LEARN TO ACT AS MALES OR FEMALES? We learn to act as males or females through:(1) gender roles (2) gender identity (3) gender socialization WHAT ARE GENDER ROLES? Gender roles are the roles that society assigns to men and women based on their gender. They especially influence relationships between men and women Womens lifestyles are changing to accommodate new careers, education and family structures, and their role in society is being adjusted accordingly. Education has evolved from providing them with skills necessary for building a family and managing a household into a more broad, extensive education that benefits them in a variety of careers as well as allows them to reach a higher social status as educated members of society. In secondary schools, teachers who provided female students with homemaking skills have switched to more intellectual courses like physics and biology. Bitter feminists around the world were often heard blaming men for the current state of the world, but it should be realized that part of the future of the twenty first century, is determined by how much women corporate with working with men to influence the direction of the nations of the world. There is the link of the relationship between female literacy and independence growth where the level of female literacy is higher and the dependency growth is lower. The twentieth century has been the dawn of a new era for women in the world. They have evolved and broken many barriers in social status and education level. Stemming from backgrounds that were tough and limited where they were maids, field labourers and cooks, they have definitely matured, transitioning to higher and more meaningful roles in society. Their determination and push for social equality has had a major role to play in the development of the world. This development is a major factor responsible for the state of the economies in the world today. Women have graduated from being mainly domestic workers to that of doctors, athletes, and Prime Ministers. They are also specializing in jobs that were once only occupied by men, for example, filling the position of managers, engineers, safety-officers and welders just to name a few. Young girls and women living in these modern times must take advantage of the opportunities provided and use the resources that are available to them. Women must become less dependent on the opposite sex and strive to earn their own in terms of possession and finances etc. Women are venturing out and challenging themselves but some of the men have occupied traditional female roles and at a slower pace, for example, men have become hairstylists, cooks house-keepers, baby-sitters etc. Traditional hierarchical organizations are a thing of the past. In the working environment, the strategies used by women to reach mid-management levels are preventing them from breaking through the glass ceiling. To be successful, both men and women must be able to get excellent results through people-oriented leadership practices. They become self-disciplined, ambitious and are likely to embrace a visible, take charge and influential approach to their roles. Contrary to common stereotype, women are better team players than men and are better at communicating and keeping people informed; are able to put the success of the team first, using influencing skills rather than authority to accomplish objectives. As far as leadership values go, co-workers rate women higher in such skills as hiring the right people for the job, developing and coaching subordinates, and organizing, monitoring and controlling the work of others. They are also better at creating a vision and setting clear direction and high standards of performance. Even though womens decisions are of high quality, they continue to be viewed as less objective, less flexible and lower in emotional control than men. Their more forthright communication style, may appear less polished and diplomatic than mens when dealing with those above them in the hierarchy. In the future, there should be transformational leadership for regional and national renewal for sustainable development using methods by the media, including church women and social welfare organizations and communications programmes on the concept and practice of a new kind of leadership, which is gender issues, and expectations in leadership and improving the capacity of various interests groups in understanding and analysing issues from gender perspective through seminars, workshops and public as well as community meetings. At a regional level, steps of the process of assigning people to do different tasks , must take place as well as setting up a monitoring framework and specific demands should be developed and implemented. From this a new culture will emerge when building positive relationships, command authority and interacting with the world. Everything involving women has changed and will continue to do so over the next decades. In every arena, women have continued to excel and have definitely made a dramatic difference in the world. WHAT IS GENDER IDENTITY? Gender identity refers to the feeling that one is male, female or transgender. Many things contribute to the formation of gender identity, including society, family and factors that are in place before birth. Transgender individuals may have the genitals of one sex but a gender identity, usually associated with the other; example, a person born with a penis who feels female may identify as transgender. According to Paul Connelly (1998), a study showed interesting insights into the relationship between gender and ethnicity. I t was seen that children in schools, though young brought the ways of thinking about masculinity, family and ethnicity into the school arena. I t was found that teachers at these schools were more likely to criticize the behaviour of black boys than other children, and for this the boys were sent outside for deviant behaviour, were singled out and instructed to stand by a door or wall, or even the outside the staff room during playtime. These boys were stigmatized for being black and were accused of being part of race crime and gangs. Their black sisters were perceived as potential disruptive children, likely to be good in sports and also singled out and punished. On the other hand, the South Asian boys were seen as immature rather than seriously deviant. Their behaviour was viewed as silly rather than a threat, and according to the teachers, they were described as passive, conformists and vulnerable. They were not able to express their masculinity as their performance in sports was not good. However, they preferred to focus on school work. The South Asian girls appeared to be more hard-working and obedient than the boys and compared to other girls. The teachers encouraged the girls to focus more on their school work which in turn caused them to be very competitive with other girls in the school. This study shows how gender and ethnicity interact in creating identities among children, also some of the ways this might influence educational achievement in schools as well as showing how these children create the gender identities found in schools. WHAT IS GENDER SOCIALIZATION? Gender Socialization is the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with ones sex. Through this process, sociologists explain why human males and females behave in different ways; they learn different social roles, for example, girls learn to wash and keep a home clean and boys learn to clean the backyard and put out the rubbish. Socialization is the primary means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most influential learning process for a child to experience. Though the variation is materialized in the customs and behaviours of societies, the most fundamental expression of culture is to be found at the individual level, which can only occur after the individual has been socialized by the family, extended family and external social networks. This process of both learning and teaching is the way in which cultural and social characteristics are continued and passed down to generations. Sociologists, such as Durkeim, noted the relationship between norms, values and roles during socialization. The following are the different types of socialization: PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION This occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and behaviour suitable to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example a child witnessing his/her parent giving a derogatory opinion about a minority group, then the child would automatically think that behaviour is acceptable and continue to have this opinion about minority groups. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION This socialization refers to the process of learning what is acceptable behaviour as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is normally associated with teenagers and adults, and involves more minute changes than those which occurred in the former socialization; such as, relocating to a new environment or society. DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION With this process learning behaviour is done in a social institution or social skills are developed. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of socialization where a person rehearses for future positions, occupations and social relationships, for example on the job training (O.J.T). RESOCIALIZATION This refers to the process of discarding former behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition on ones life. It occurs throughout the human life cycle and can be an intense experience with an individual having a sharp break with the past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example would be a religious convert internalizing the beliefs and rituals of a new faith. An extreme example is the process by which a transsexual learns to function socially in a dramatically altered gender role. ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION This process involves employees learning the knowledge and skills necessary to assume their organizational role. As they are new to the institution, they become socialized by learning about the organization and its history, culture and procedures etc. They also learn about the skills needed to do the job, their work group and formal procedures and informal norms. Socialization functions as a control system in that newcomers learn to internalize and obey organizational values and practices. WHAT IS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE? Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviours and tactics used by one person over another to gain power and control. This may include verbal abuse, financial, emotional, sexual and physical abuse. Domestic violence occurs in heterosexual as well as same-sex partnerships, and crosses all ethnic, racial and socio-economic lines. Domestic violence has many forms of which there are five: PHYSICAL: which is inflicting or attempting to inflict physical injury. Examples of these are, grabbing, shoving, slapping, hitting, arm-twisting, kicking, punching, stabbing, shooting. Physical abuse can also be used to deny access to resources necessary to maintain health, such as, medical care, hygienic assistance, forcing alcohol and other drug use. SEXUAL: Forcing or attempting to coerce any sexual contact without consent, for example, marital rape, forced sex after beating, attacks on the sexual parts of the body. Another method used is attempting to undermine the victims sexuality, such as treating him/her in a sexually derogatory manner, criticizing sexual performance and desirability and accusations of indidelity. PSYCHOLOGICAL: this involves instilling or attempting to instill fear, example, intimidation, threatening physical harm to self/victim, threatening to harm/kidnap children, mind games, destruction of pets and property. There is also the method of isolating or attempting to isolate the victim from friends, family, school/work, example: withholding access to a phone, constant checking up, undermining victims personal relationships. EMOTIONAL: undermining or attempting to undermine the victims sense of worth by using constant criticism, belittling victims abilities and competency, name-calling, insults, put-downs, silent treatment, and undermining a partners relationship with the children. ECONOMIC: this involves making or attempting to make the victim financially dependent. For example, having and maintaining total control over financial resources including the victims earned income, public assistance if any, withholding money/access to money, requiring accountability and victim giving an account for all money spent. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND THE GENDER SCHEMA THEORY The social learning theory of Bandura specifies the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from this, one is able to understand how the new behaviours are done. Aggression is one type of behaviour that can be learnt through models. Through a lot of research, it was found that children become more aggressive when they observe aggressive or violent models. Bandura stated that there were conditions that an individual requires before successfully modelling the behaviour of someone else. The person must first pay attention to the model in order to be able to remember the behaviour that was observed, then must be able to repeat what was demonstrated. Finally, motivation is needed to complete modelling a behaviour. Modelling helps to increase the frequency of similar behaviours, for example, a girl noticing her friend excelling in dancing and then she may try to excel in singing as she does not have the skills for dancing. Most of the time persons engage in certain behaviours because they believe they can put them into action successfully. As a result, it can be said that the person has high self-efficacy. Persons who have high self-efficacy tend t o be better and often achieve more at whatever they pursue. In contrast, the gender schema theory (Bem 1981) focuses on the role of cognitive organization in addition to socialization This theory postulates that children learn how their cultures and societies define the role of men and women and then internalize this knowledge as a gender scheme or unchallenged core belief. This scheme is then used to organize subsequent experiences. Childrens perceptions of men and women are thus an interaction between their gender schemas and their experiences. Eventually, they will incorporate their own self-concepts into their gender schema and will assume the traits and behaviours that they deem appropriate for their gender. So, even with children learning from modelling behaviour and also learning how their culture defines the roles of male and female, what is internalized and is actually modelled are very different in terms of positive and negative behaviours and roles. INTERVIEW OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SURVIVOR TAKEN ON 5/4/2011 Question: Is this your first experience of Domestic Violence? Answer: Yes. Question: When did you notice the signs of Domestic Violence? Answer: I was twenty, there were subtle signs from the relationship. The other person was ten years older than me. Question: When did you decide to seek help or did someone call for help for you? Answer: I called for help myself. Question: Were there others in your family who were also abused? Answer: No. Question: How many incidents have you experienced with Domestic Violence? Answer: Only one, but many were built into it. Question: Is this prevalent in your family? Answer: Yes, my mom and my two sisters went through it. Question: Which organisation did you contact or go to for help? Answer: I called the police after being beaten and raped, then went to hospital and subsequently a safe house in Piparo. Question: How did the organisation protect you? Answer: I had police security on 24 hour shift in Piparo in 2004, then the same in a safe house in Port-of-Spain. Question: What have you learnt from this experience? Answer: You never know your strength. Pay attention to the smallest signs, pay attention to what is said in jest. Question: What stood out for you from this experience? Answer: Having a relationship with God is what is most important. Knowing that it has a God and having a relationship with God are two different things. Question: What would you advise young people to do to avoid this situation or what to look out for before taking action? Answer: Look for signs of the person keeping you away from friends, belittling you and telling you ,you are not good enough. If youre hit once dont let a second time occur and the perpetrator saying look what you made me do. Question: Has this experience affected your psychological thinking about men? Answer: Yes, I dont have patience with men.

Al Gore: Presidential Candidate :: essays research papers

Al Gore: Presidential Candidate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The candidate I chose to do my paper on was Al Gore. Al Gore is the current Vice President of the United States. He is for the Democratic party and is now running for President for this 2000 election. I chose to do my paper on Vice President Al Gore because I believe that he will be the next president to be in office. With his support on certain issues and policies and also his experience, I know that Al Gore will be able to handle the presidency. I will discuss Al Gore’s brief history and background, his qualifications, and where he stands on certain issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First lets look at Al Gore’s brief history. Al Gore was born on March 31, 1948 in Washington, DC. He is the son of former U.S. Senator Albert Gore, Sr. and Pauline LaFon Gore. Raised in Carthage, Tennessee, and in Washington, D.C. His mother, Pauline (La Fon) Gore, graduated from Vanderbilt Law School. She was one of the very first women to graduate from that school. Both of Al Gore’s parents played a major role in the structuring of public personality and his political beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Al Gore’s father, Albert Gore Sr. was born on a farm in Jackson County, Tennessee, and worked as a schoolteacher before entering public service—first as Smith County Superintendent of Schools, then as Tennessee's Secretary of Labor. Albert Gore, Sr. was both a member of the House of Representatives and a Senator also. After years later in congress, he left the senate in 1970 and later on worked as being a lawyer and businessman. Al Gore’s father seemed to be the driving force of his career, his dad was his role model. Albert Gore Sr. has just recently passed away in 1998 at the age of 91. His son gave him a well commemorated funeral, and told the story of his life. He died a good man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pauline LaFon Gore, the mother of Al Gore, grew up in Weakley County, and then later on Jackson, Tennessee. During the Great Depression she worked her way as a waitress, while attending college. She later on went to Vanderbilt Law School, working to be a lawyer. Later on as her husband was entering the political field, she helped him on his campaigns. After her husband left the Senate, she returned to being a lawyer and was a mentor for young women considering legal careers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are other inspirations in Al Gore’s life other than his parents. Al Gore is married to Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson, also known as â€Å"Tipper.

Essay --

Eileen Furnish Soc 343 Assignment #1 2/15/2014 The women I decided to interview is my boyfriend’s great-aunt Mary J. Spletter. I selected Mary J. Spletter because she has inspired and helped guide women through breast cancer. I also selected her because at the age of 25 she was diagnosed with breast cancer and she still remained positive and strong. I’m currently 25 years old and it made me realize not to take things for granted and to always stay positive regardless of what situation your in. I’m interviewing Mary in The Bellevue Club on the shores of Lake Merritt in Oakland, CA. This historical building has breathtaking views of Lake Merritt and a local bird sanctuary. We decided on this place because Mary is a member here. She also enjoys the rich history, having meals and takes swimming classes here. We decided to do the interview over lunch in the main dining room, which had high ceilings, marble flooring, and floral long curtains. This club was a former women’s social club and had a style of the 1920’s. Mary was born in Appleton, Wisconsin. While growing up she lived with her mother, her brother and youngest sister. Her father was in the military and eventually left them and moved to California. She lived a pretty good childhood, she attended church every Sunday and she was always interested in reading and writing. While growing up she saw her mother struggle to support 3 children but her mother was always strong and positive. Mary knew she wanted to do something with her life that inspired others and she knew that her writing could take her there. She also in enjoyed French and took many classes in high school and college. She graduated from University of Wisconsin, Madison with a Bachelor’s of Science in Journalism in ... ... Mary publish a book on breast cancer but she also counseled women who were going through breast cancer and undergone mastectomies. Her book has changed many lives and has opened our eyes on new procedures and treatments. Before dating her great nephew, my mother was also a breast cancer survivor who received Mary’s book â€Å"A Women’s Choice† and many other books on battling breast cancer. Even though Mary’s book was already outdated (my mom had breast cancer 14 years ago), my mother was able to gain knowledge on the certain points Mary explained in her book, it kept her mind off the chemotherapy she was doing and it also helped her stay positive. Mary J. Spletter wanted to help other women and share her story to the world since there weren’t many resources out there. She continues to mentor women and travels to speak with women about her personal experiences.

Even Cowgirls Get the Blues - Within the Guidelines of Feminist Discour

Even Cowgirls Get the Blues - Within the Guidelines of Feminist Discourse Surprisingly, in spite of being a male from the 1970s, Tom Robbins has written a novel, Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, supporting feminism. This is a term that most of us are familiar with; yet, what is feminism? The Routledge Critical Dictionary of Feminism and Postfeminism defines "feminist purpose" for us as "an active desire to change women's position in society" (Brown, Meginis, and Bardari, 231). In order to discuss feminism in terms of Robbin's novel, we need to know what feminist theory means when applied to literature. According to Jonathon Culler, a professor of English and comparative literature at Cornell University and author of Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, feminist theory is based on "women writers and the representation of women's experience" (124). Naturally, Robbins does not fit the first category of being a woman author since he is male. Nevertheless, his novel Even Cowgirls Get the Blues fits within Culler's description of feminist novels that "cha mpion the identity of women [and] demand rights for women" (123-124). Robbins does this through the development of his female characters and the plot. Robbins produces a strong female character named Sissy Hankshaw whose beauty is marred by enormous, somewhat useless thumbs. In order to become independent, Sissy leaves the repressive atmosphere in her southern home by participating in the male-dominated phenomenon of hitchhiking as embodied by Jack Kerouac in On the Road. Sissy herself says in reference to her hitchhiking, "I'm the best there is, ever was or ever will be" (53) and develops a national reputation as a hitchhiker. She even competes with and befriends the... ... Jonathan Culler. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1997. Karl, Frederick R. Critique of Tom Robbins. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. 233 vols. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990. Perso, Jeffrey. "The Lost Highway." MetroActive Travel Online. 1 May 1997. 9 April 2001. http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/05.01.97/hitchhike-9718.html. Robbins, Tom. Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. New York: Bantam, 1976. Siegel, Mark. Critique of Tom Robbins. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. 233 vols. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990. Travis, Cheryl Brown, Kayce L. Meginnis, and Kristin M. Bardari. "Beauty, Sexuality, and Identity: The Social Control of Women." Sexuality, Society, and Feminism. Ed. Cheryl Brown Travis and Jacquelyn W. White. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000.

Local Business Project Paper

Trends: young children people are looking for a healthier desserts teenagers people are looking for less expensive desserts implies young adults 4 Commencement of the Business â€Å"l didn't even like frozen yogurt. † When most people hear this quote, they wow old not think it sets the stage for a successful frozen yogurt restaurant. However, alt cough Mackey, the owner of Yogurts, said this, the restaurant is more successful than ever under his ownership. Most people think of a lively environment and healthy food when they hear the e words â€Å"frozen yogurt restaurant. Mackey and his family think on a much deeper level than j just this for their mission, vision, and objectives. Mackey says he wants people to think of the line e â€Å"proud immunity us porter† when one thinks of Yogurts. He and his family like to s purport the community in every way they can, and have a positive impact on the surround inning area. He told us that recently, his restaurant held a fundr aiser for Carmela Elementary and g eve them 20% of the profits they earned that day. Mackey and his family had numerous reasons for opening Yogurts.Although t hey had never operated in the frozen yogurt industry, they had multiple interesting id ease and reasons to open this restaurant. Interestingly enough, Mackey and his family owned 5 Us byway restaurants before purchasing Yogurts. This gave them enough interest and experience in the food industry to be motivated to diversify their ownership. They ended up selling one Of the Subway restaurants to invest in Yogurts because they wanted more freedom in operate ions and the ability to have fun and be creative. They invested in Yogurts at the end of May as a FAA mill.Originally, a doctor and a relative of the doctor owned the restaurant. Mackey was interest deed in purchasing Yogurts from them because he wanted to diversify his portfolio. At the time, h e only owned Subway restaurants in the Fishers and Ageist area. He was motivated t o open Yogurts because he knew his family would be able to run it in a relaxed atmosphere and not have to follow franchise regulations. Mackey balanced the risks and rewards of the frozen yogurt Indus try and ultimately decided to purchase Yogurts due to the opportune location.The ultimate pull factor that encouraged Mackey and his family to purchase You gurus is its prime location. It is located off of Meridian and Carmela Drive, which encomia sees a large amount of traffic. Yogurts is visible from Carmela Drive, and is located next to other businesses that draw in lots of customers, which ultimately helps them make money. This is analyzed in rater depth later on. Along with the location, the amount of space also once raged Mackey and his family to sign on the dotted line. The amount of square feet in Yogurts ma ekes it the largest frozen yogurt restaurant in the area.This allows Mackey to use the space in a creative and family friendly way, with multiple lager tables and a play ar ea for children that include sees a whiteboard for the kids to draw on. The setup also allows them to play sporting events on the main T -V. In order to entertain all the dads while blasting popular hit songs through the CE ailing speakers to create a partially atmosphere. The location exhilarated Mackey because it NV loves more than just traffic; it encompasses a felicitous location in central Carmela mixed with t heir opportune target market.Statements Vision: To be the most profitable frozen yogurt shop in the state while being a been Lent supporter to the community. 6 Mission Statement: For our company to sell the most frozen yogurt out Of any ice cream or yogurt shop in the city of Carmela each year by offering the highest quality and diverse selection of flavors and toppings. Slogan: For the health of it Yogurts did not have a vision statement so we decided to create one for them The vision statement is measurable and achievable in that we firmly believe that Yogurts is a SSI generic business.Between the group members, we have combined ate at many differ .NET frozen yogurt shops in which none have been superior to Yogurts. Between the quality of the Eire product, wide array of choices, and atmosphere of the venue, Yogurts differentiates itself FRR mom other individual frozen yogurt shops and even franchised ones. Not only does it strive to be a successful enterprise, but Yogurts exceedingly values its role in the community. The stats moment was based off the idea of receiving but then giving back.Being a business, the universal g AOL is to make a profit, but to Yogurt it is to then take their profits, turn around, and make an impact in the community. This vision statement provides the owners and employees a goal to strive for. Yogurts also did not have a mission statement, so we created one for them t hat was all encompassing to the company, and one that would motivate owners and me peoples to reach this competitive goal each year. It incorporates the â €Å"who†, Yogurts, the â€Å"what†, sell the most frozen yogurt compared to their competitors, and the â€Å"how', offering high quality an d diverse selection f flavors and toppings.The mission statement is specific, measurable, attain able, relevant, and time specific as well. The mission statement galvanism Yogurts to transcend t he other frozen yogurt stores in Carmela and be superlative in comparison to them in all facets 7 Merits of Small and Large Business Yogurts was originally started and owned by someone else, but Mackey Burch eased all of the equity, thereby becoming the new owner. After doing so, he converted the e business into a partnership, splitting the equity amongst his family members in the idea that eventually it will continue on as a family business.It is noteworthy that he considered it prefer able to remain a partnership rather than an LLC, a limited liability company, or a corporation b cause he felt keeping it as a partnership was more benefic ial, due to lower taxes, than the t radioed for less liability at this point in the business. This, however, would likely only be the ca SE for a small business. In the united States, a small business is a business that employs less than 500 people, and in a company like Yogurts, it would have to expand significantly to do that.It I s easier to remain a partnership as a small business, with smaller market and employee number , and avoid liability claims than it would be for a larger business. Another merit of a small business s is that they can be more flexible to the market demands than a large one could. This is a com pension for being in fewer markets, because they can more fully utilize their current one. This is where a local store knows to carry a specific item that the local Walter would not even co insider. Often times, smaller business will provide far superior products in comparison to lard egger ones.The famous Linton Burger chain, for example, pride themselves on superio r quail y by remaining a small business and keeping its supply chains short. In contrast, the benefits to being a large business are quite obvious. As a large r business, there is a huge amount of name recognition. There are undoubtedly few Poe peel in the civilized 8 world that are unfamiliar with companies such as Collate, Disney, or Google . Currently, Yogurts is not a well recognized business compared to the latter, however, the eye hold their own against the different frozen yogurt franchises such as Woozy and Orange Leaf.In addition, securing funds is significantly easier as a large business, as banks consider NV sting in them to be almost a sure thing. People are also more willing to leave their current jobs for a large business for this same reason: security. This aspect of a large business does c relate to Yogurts in that the owners have trouble finding employees that are not teenagers beck cause of their size. When scheduling the work hours for their employees, a large maj ority of the m can only work late a night or on the weekends because Monday through Friday they attend s school.Yogurts being categorized as a small business, makes it less attractive for people out o f college to apply to work their. Business Objectives Yogurts has many valuable objectives as a business, however the owners Spec official emphasized their operational goals. Mackey said he likes to challenge his ample eyes to work very efficiently. He encourages them to keep up with him while he works one of two registers, or while he restocks food and cuts fresh fruit. This helps employees feel like he s on the same level as him, not just a figurehead above them, and it also helps them learn to word k at a faster pace.This operational goal has proven to be successful for Yogurts, and has led the m to introduce new technology to their employees. A strategic objective of Yogurts, is to franchise the company. Since Mackey and family have worked with franchises for a long time, they know that they will b e able to use their 9 acquired skills in the frozen yogurt industry as well. Multiple people outfits e have asked Mackey to open up Yogurts restaurants in their respective states. A few exam less include Florida, Ohio, and Illinois.This positive feedback from customers and other b equines owners has encouraged Mackey to turn Yogurts into a franchise and illustrates that the You gurus business model is now a proven proof of concept in the market. This goal would not ha eve come about if it were not for his successful environment, yearning for feedback, and profession anally trained employees. Role of the Business Functions Human Resources does not have its own department in Yogurts since they on lye have 71 0 employees at a time. The owners of Yogurts directly interview and hire the Eire employees who need to be able to do maintenance and work the register.The owners alls o value an employee who is social and able to create small talk with the customers. They want t heir customers to feel welcomed, and to be assisted when needed, so therefore, t e owners take into consideration how cordial and outgoing an applier is when determining if that person should be hired or not. The owners personally train and work with their employees so the at they are as efficient as possible, and they directly deal with any issues that a worker may I impose, however, this is rare with the people that they employ.The finance and accounts aspect is also completed by the owners. As stated b before, the owners have a sufficient amount of personal money between them due to the e money that they had acquired from their Subways. The upper management of Yogurts is very organized as well, so all of their expenses are recorded and paid for on time. Financially speaking g, between their 10 personal money from the selling of one of their Subways, they were able to RA sis enough capital to fund the business and then take the money they made to reinvest back nit o the company in order for it to be financially independent.Frozen yogurt is an exceedingly popular product that grosses billions of dollar s of revenue each year while generating mass amounts of profit across the world. According to IBIS World, through 2008201 3, annually growth of the industry has been 21%. The SE facts substantiate that the frozen yogurt industry has an increasing market of new, loyal customers to support the frozen yogurt shops such as Yogurts.To capture the attention of these new customers, the marketing department for Yogurts (also the owners) use social media such as twitter and faceable to inform their followers about current deals or changes to the company that are being implemented. The owners do not believe in marketing in the newspaper because they hypothesize that it is a dying form of communication and would not be worth the money to attract their target market through. Who never advertising in the store or out of the store, they like to make them colorful and bright so t hat it catches the eye and encompasses the whole ideological feel of frozen yogurt.Overall, the marketing â€Å"department† could be stronger by finding new, ingenious ways to spread the word about Yogurts that could be seen or heard by a conglomerate group of people that lie eve in the area. Possible ideas could be a local commercial, or they could effortlessly advertise e through banners/ signs at high school sports events (like they have at Off the Wall Sports) or at different middle schools. 11 All in all, there is not a long, complex process to their operations. They buy the e frozen yogurt from another company and then stock the machines themselves.Cuts mores come In through the front doors and are directed to the yogurt machines through a p sage blocked off by a four foot wall. On their way in, overhead are large, flatterers T. V. S that expel main the process of how to assemble their customized product along with other important inform action such as the suggeste d flavor combination of the week. The employees station themselves behind the register surrounded by the topping bars. This layout gives the employees a 360 degree e workable space to assist customers by offering samples and answering questions while at the same time manning the register.The owners also manage inventory. They track and formulate statistics of which flavors and toppings are popular so that they know the quantity to order of each item as precaution to not waste product or understood themselves. The Four Business Sectors Yogurts uses resources from the primary and secondary sectors, and combines them into a tertiary business. Because Yogurts does not personally make their frozen yogurt with their own recipes, it an therefore be considered a retail business in the tertiary sector. Yogurts has two main 12 providers that they purchase their frozen yogurt from.They buy their yogurt by the quart, and then process it through their machines. In this way, they act as a seconda ry b equines due to the machine processing of their frozen yogurt. However, Yogurts provides a seen/ICC e to its customers so it is therefore mostly involved in the tertiary sector. The Six Core Concepts Change is evident in the history of Yogurts. They transitioned owners and have e been flourishing ever since. Not only this, but Yogurts has adapted in order to rest nod to competition, and to differentiate themselves.